Person
Nikolai Kardashev
1932–2019
Soviet/Russian astrophysicist who proposed a scale ranking civilisations by their energy use.
Contributions to this atlas (1)
Ideas in this atlas this person contributed to — grouped by the kind of contribution. A descriptive record, not a ranking.
Discovered
- Kardashev scale
1964
Attributions are a curated, verified selection — they claim no completeness, often honour several independent contributions, and mark disputed priority as such.